![]() ![]() The zygote and the blastomeres of the early embryo are considered to be totipotent. With the greatest differentiation potential, totipotent stem cells (TSCs) possess the omnipotentiality to differentiate into any type of cells, including the extraembryonic lineages and the germline. In this review, an overview of characteristics of different types of stem cells, the current available evidence from preclinical/clinical studies on cell-based therapy for kidney diseases, and discussion of prospects and challenges of its application in the treatment of kidney diseases were provided. #Are protein scaffold organs a viable transplant optino how to#In view of the great potential application of SCs in kidney diseases, the need to better understand on how to develop cell-based experimental treatments, and how to implement them in clinical trials, becomes more pressing. Additionally, stem cells could be directed to differentiate into kidney lineage cells and generate into kidney organoids, which are expected to be used for disease modeling and drug discovery, and may eventually be applicable for transplantation. The subsequent evidence suggests that SCs also act through the secretion of bioactive paracrine factors and/or release of microvesicles with immunomodulatory and proregenerative properties. The effects were initially attributed to SCs implanting damaged tissue, differentiating, and replacing damaged cells. Increasing results obtained in models of acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) document that SCs have therapeutic potential in repair of renal injury, preserving renal function and structure thus prolonging animal survival. The use of SCs is a promising therapeutic strategy for kidney diseases as well. The application of SC therapy in treating a variety of diseases such as immunological, vascular, cardiac, and renal diseases has been extensively explored. Based on the advantages of plasticity, infinite amplification, and ease of genetic manipulation, stem cell therapy opens new avenues for almost all human diseases. Stem cells (SCs) are described by their self-renewal abilities and the capability to develop into various functional cells under certain conditions. Consequently, exploring novel and better therapeutic options to alleviate, cure, or prevent renal diseases and to improve patients’ survival and quality of life is mandatory. Kidney transplantation enables patients to regain their own renal function however, severe shortage of organ donors and potential organ rejection limited its use. Owing to high medical costs and adverse impacts on the patient’s quality of life, dialysis is not considered as an ideal treatment strategy. As a routine treatment for kidney diseases, multidrug therapy cannot reverse the process of entering into end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in most of the patients, and those with ESRD require renal replacement therapy, i.e., maintenance dialysis or kidney transplantation. These diseases affect over 10% of the global population, because of a global rise in the aging population, as well as increase in the frequency of their main etiologies, such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and hypertension. Kidney diseases have become a global public health problem due to their rapidly growing incidence. This review will focus on the stem cell-based therapy approaches for the treatment of kidney diseases, including various cell sources used, possible mechanisms involved, and outcomes that are generated so far, along with prospects and challenges in clinical application. ![]() The benefits of various types of SCs in acute kidney disease and chronic kidney disease have been demonstrated in preclinical studies, and preliminary results of clinical trials present its safety and tolerability. Mounting evidence suggests that stem cells exert a therapeutic effect mainly by replacing damaged tissues and paracrine pathways. With self-renewal capabilities and great potential for proliferation and differentiation, stem cell therapy opens new avenues for the development of renal function and structural repair in kidney diseases. Stem cells (SCs), currently considered as a promising tool for therapeutic application, have aroused considerable interest and expectations. The prevalence of kidney diseases is emerging as a public health problem. ![]()
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